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Racism: Lessons Learned Essay -- essays research papers

Numerous things have been partaken in this study hall condition. Issues have been examined that have grabbed the eye of the class and caused them to consider things that maybe were not thought about previously. Over the past semester, one arrangement of exercises have stood apart to me more than some other. That specific arrangement of exercises spun around the issue of bigotry. Prejudice has taken on another understanding inside my contemplations and brain throughout this semester. I had constantly thought about bigotry as a pernicious thought and a significantly increasingly evil practice. We characterized it as a partiality dependent on the shade of one’s skin or race. Despite the fact that laws have banned the act of isolation and bigotry, we have seen as a class that it is as yet rehearsed inside a nation that proclaims it to be illicit. We have learned ...

A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample

A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample ‘A Rose for Emily’ Analysis: The Main Themes and Symbols of the Short Story William Faulkner’s ‘A Rose for Emily’ was his first published short story and is one of his most read and highly praised works. This ‘ghost story’ has an intricate enigmatic plot and offers immense possibilities for interpretations mainly due to its unconventional style. One of the most interesting analyses of ‘A Rose for Emily’ by SparkNotes suggests that the story reveals such broad ideas as complexities of the changing world, tensions between the South and North, and strict social limitations placed on women. The author describes the dank world of Emily Grierson who is the main character of this short story, a horrible world full of aberrant psychology and necrophilia. I am not going to give ‘A Rose for Emily’ summary but focus on a literary analysis of the short story. In this ‘A Rose for Emily’ analysis, I am going to discuss the main themes and symbols of the story. There are several themes here and the major ones include tradition vs change, isolation, the power of death, the decline of the old South. The story starts with a brief account of the huge funeral of Emily Grierson attended by the whole town. Then the narrator recollects Emily’s extremely strange behavior in a series of flashbacks throughout decades. The narration travels back and forth in time. By presenting the story in such a way, the author examines how the present and the past influence each other. Faulkner creates a complex multidimensional world where the past and the present coexist. Stretching the story out for approximately 74 years, Faulkner shows how a small southern town Jefferson is at crossroads, torn between the present and the past. Portraying the mysterious character of Emily Grierson, the author shows how the American South struggles to keep traditions when facing widespread, radical changes, trying to find a better way with each generation. Staying the same despite radical changes in her hometown, Emily Grierson represents the old traditions that the people of Jefferson want to respect and honor, but at the same time she is a burden and lives in a timeless vacuum completely cut off the outside world. Death is a prevalent theme in ‘A Rose for Emily’- there are 5 actual deaths in the story. Death prevails from the beginning when a narrator mentions Emily’s death and the rotting corpse in Emily’s bed also thematically reflects the decay of the old South. Emily is an emblem of the old South â€" she is a real grand lady but her respectability and grace decline as the time passes, like outdated feelings and values that the Griersons symbolize. Emily tries to take power over death by denying the very fact of death. These bizarre attempts are revealed in Emily’s necrophilia. Faulkner tells the story of Emily’s complete physical and emotional isolation which arouses the curiosity of the town residents. Emily is isolated and at the same time, she is always observed by the townspeople as a member of their community. ‘A Rose for Emily’ shows that Faulkner was influenced by Southern Gothics as a literary tradition when the authors explored extreme, antisocial behavior. Southern Gothics was based on the concept that everyday life and the refined attractive surface of the social order were too not real, illusory, hiding frightening realities. There are a lot of details that reveal the influence of the Southern Gothic style: the whole moody and forbidding atmosphere, putrefaction, decay. Emily’s house is also a symbol of the dying world of the Southern aristocracy. The house is lavishly decorated but it seems out of place among industrial surroundings â€" the same way as the old South sensibilities are out of place in the rapidly changing society. The house also represents the image of mental illness and death. There are also other unimaginably dark images in the story: a murder, a corpse, a mysterious servant who disappears when Emily dies, and the most horrible of all is Emily’s necrophilia. ‘A Rose for Emily’ is Faulkner’s most anthologized short story. It is a good example of Gothic and grotesque literature that generally contains terror, gloom, and understated violence.

The Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens - 2250 Words

Teen pregnancy is something that has become so common for these past years. Some teens that engage in premarital sex are lucky enough to not end up pregnant, but there are those who are not as fortunate. â€Å"3 in 10 teen American girls will get pregnant at least once before age 20. That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year† (11 Facts about Teen Pregnancy). Most of these teens probably think that it won’t happen to them, so they don’t play it safe, but what they don’t realize, is that one little mistake can be a life changing experience. A reason to teen pregnancy is that teens nowadays think that just because they are â€Å"in love† that they can completely give themselves to their partner and at such a young age. Truth is, they most likely don’t think about what can be the consequences of engaging in risky activities like having unprotected sex. â€Å"A sexually active teen who doesn’t use contraceptives has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant within a year† (11 Facts about Teen Pregnancy). They are just teens, still learning things about themselves on a day to day basis, how can having unprotected sex be a norm for them, let alone raising a child. Peer pressure can have a major role to this too because if they see their friends doing it, they may want to fit in so that they can also say they have sex. Peer pressure can come from the friends or even from the partner kind of pressuring her to have sex. â€Å"The Kaiser Family Foundation states that more than 29 percent ofShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And Its Effects1732 Words   |  7 PagesTeen pregnancy and resulting births present/cause many (related to social pressure, how people act toward each other, etc.) challenges, and as a result require the total (of everything or everyone) efforts of many to provide solutions. Teen pregnancy has been thought about/believed a social ill for centuries in the United States and has alway s challenged moral and (honest and right) thoughts and feelings. The money-based costs of teens giving birth are significant, and there are many forcing/forceful/interestingRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens1643 Words   |  7 PagesEvery teen has dream about how they want to graduate from high school and then go to college, but some teens are not willing to take the challenge. Some of these teens want to drop out of high school and other teens want to keep furthering their education. For some there are obstacle that life throw at them to be able to accomplish their goals. Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens978 Words   |  4 Pagesare getting younger in age, and the birth rate is rising higher. Mississippi has the highest birth rates in teen pregnancy, and has held this title for the past few years. This prob lem has had such a rise to fame because this is a problem that can be prevented. Parents and communities should take action to help lower the teen pregnancy birth rate in Mississippi. Since the birth rate in teens is so high that means there is more need of government assistance. This becomes such a problem in states becauseRead MoreThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy1953 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy Tiffany Laubach Kaplan University CM 220-57 Professor Campos February 12, 2012 The Effects of Teen Pregnancy Are Americans effectively discussing the topic of teen pregnancy? â€Å"According to research in 2009 approximately 410,000 births occurred among teens aged 15-19 in the United States of America.† (Razol, Warner, Gavin, Callaghan, Sptiz, Anderson, Barfield, Kahn, 2011,  ¶6) Therefore, the United States of America ranks number one among all other countries and teenRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1850 Words   |  8 Pageson preventing teen pregnancy. This paper will attempt to describe the research surrounding sex education, mostly abstinence education and the importance of contraceptive. The discussion surrounding sex education will focus not only on current research findings, but also on the truth of the research that has produced different and often conflicting results. Finally, this essay will discuss programs that focus on the role of boys and their importance in teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy create many socialRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Its Effect On Children855 Words   |  4 PagesTeen pregnancy has been an ongoing social issue in the United States for many of years. Although the rate of teen pregnancy has decreased since the 90s, the United States is still the highest among industrialized nations. The US ranks at one and a half times higher than Great Britain, three times higher than Canada, seven times higher than Denmark and Sweden, and eight times higher than Japan (Azar 1). Society considers teenage pregnancies a problem because they believe teenagers are not emotionallyRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1620 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Teen childbearing is associated with negative consequences for the adolescent parents, their children, and society,† (The Office of Adolescent Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Teenage females associated with childbearing expose themselves to many risks and negative ef fects that can affect their future. Females result with many consequences due to teenage pregnancy. This paper will strictly focus on the effects females experience through teenage pregnancy. The reader will beRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 Pages I came across an article that explains that the reality TV series â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and Pregnant† has spiked the rate of pregnant teens around 2006 and 2007 when the producers launched the first show 16 and pregnant. This lead to questioning if the hit TV show was affecting the young viewers sexual habits. Parents should enforce what their kids watch on TV, parents definitely have a say in what their underage kids can and can’t watch. There is evidence that raises concerns on sexual behavior.Read MoreThe Negative Effects of Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 PagesThere are different effects on teenage mothers than there is on teenage fathers. Mothers lose more friends and are looked at way differently; fathers keep most of their friends without too many people having an opinion about him. After the mother has her baby, she can’t go back to school, so she has to be put on homebound. The father can go to school, can play sports, and can have fun with his friends. Both the mother and the father have responsibility, but the mother has to do more, like work toRead MoreCause and Effect of Teen Pregnancy1043 Words   |  4 PagesCause and effect of teen pregnancy Teenagers suffering health problems is high Many teenagers will try to hide the pregnancy from their parents and teachers, in doing this they do not get the initial medical attention required during the first months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 33% of teenage pregnancy fail to receive necessary prenatal care. The lack of prenatal care leads to increased risk of anemia, miscarriage, and high blood pressure to the teenager. Many teenagers will hide their

International Students Can Overcome Challenges - 935 Words

International students face many different challenges when studying abroad. This is due to many factors. First, they are living in a country very far away from their own. The country they are studying at has a very different way of life than theirs. Further more, the laws in that country are much different than the laws in their own country. Due to that they face a lot of problems trying to adapt to this new culture. Me personally as an international student in the US studying at ASU, have faced three particularly difficult challenges that I was able to overcome through time. In this essay I will explain how international students can overcome tough challenges and situations. The first challenge, and in my opinion the most crucial challenge that I had to face was learning the English language, and communicating with different people. Almost every international student is faced with this challenge; Alberto FernaÃŒ ndez FernaÃŒ ndez said, â€Å"International students often face adju stment issues impacting their level of satisfaction with their experience. These involve oral language proficiency, as well as feelings of anxiety and isolation resulting from language deficiencies†. This challenge was important for me to overcome due to the fact that I am here for the sole purpose to study in an American University, so obviously I am required to learn the language. Likewise, I have to learn how to speak so that I can be able to communicate with other students and professors. I personallyShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Facing International Students in Higher Education1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof the challenges facing international students in higher education and suggest some possible solutions. Tutor Name: Kinga Maior Student ID Number: 2060494 Date of Submission: Thursday 2nd May 2013 Word Count: 1,004 The number of international students studying in the UK has soared over the past decade due to globalization. Paige (1990) defined International students as those individuals who temporarily lived in the foreign countries and received the education as exchanged students. The mainRead MoreA Research Article Written By Richard Hartshorne And Jennifer Baucom1188 Words   |  5 PagesCross-Cultural Adaptation of International Graduate Students Richard,† published at the Multicultural Learning and Teaching Journal, the issues or challenges that international graduate students related to cross-cultural adaption were investigated. The main idea of the study was that international students need to cope and adjust themselves to a new culture in order to make their learning experiences more meaningful, and in order to achieve this some barriers must be overcome. The main purpose of theRead MoreA Research Article Written By Richard Hartshorne And Jennifer Baucom1380 Words   |  6 Page sCross-Cultural Adaptation of International Graduate Students Richard,† published at the Multicultural Learning and Teaching Journal, the issues or challenges that international graduate students related to cross-cultural adaption were investigated. The main idea of the study was that international students need to cope and adjust themselves to a new culture in order to make their learning experiences more meaningful, and in order to achieve this some barriers must be overcome. The main purpose of theRead MoreThe Importance Of Clinical Placements For Nurses950 Words   |  4 Pageswill also help in suitable training of nurses and allow them to handle advances in technology within their practice. Clinical placements are perfect in exposing the nurses and building their experience in respective fields, while helping them to overcome the trials they face in later context of working out different tasks. Another strategy to increase the nursing is the using the taw credits, an exa mple of this is the in U. where when the three bills was passed to permit the creation of a refundableRead MoreChallenges Faced By Students Studying At University951 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This essay will mainly discuss and analyse the challenges faced by students studying at university for the first time based on Unit 2 in the course book, Academic Culture written by Clare Nukui. The transition between secondary and higher education can be a time of upheaval (Nukui, 2007). Unit 2 supports different types of problems that are associated with the transition from secondary to tertiary education. To be able to familiarize with academic culture, it is necessary to learn aboutRead MoreCulture Shock Of International Students1436 Words   |  6 Pages Culture Shock in International Students Culture shock is an issue that has been discussed widely in a variety of fields. It is an issue that spans all cultures and groups and can affect anyone who transitions from one culture to another. Although it might be typically thought of as something that only happens when an individual travels to a new country, it can easily be experienced with a move or visit to a new region of a country. In light of the globalization that we as a society are currentlyRead MoreMy Professional Development At East Central University893 Words   |  4 PagesThe last four years of my life have been a personal challenge for me because I have been living in foreign country. During these time, I had to adjust and learn a new culture by improving my communication skills and understanding the way that people react to specific situations. Moreover, while working on my professional development at East Central University, I have had to overcome the difficulties of being an international student. Some people (sometimes including myself) would think of these difficultiesRead MoreThe Causes Of College Stress In College806 Words   |  4 Pagesto college before finding a job. The reality is that, they face lots of college stress, and some college students usually claim restate in English. For me personally, there are many stresses in college, such as family’s financial, a each of time management, the stress of learning itself, and many more. In fact, college has many pressures and challenges. First, while attending college, students’ family financial will contributes to more stresses, and they need face a expensive payment. The majorityRead MoreNew MBA Program development Proposal Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesthe knowledge from lecturers. They are willing to step outside their comfort zone, meet challenges and sketch themselves a bit further. However, because they are still young, it is difficult for them to quit the job and attend the full time learning. Young professional would make use name of the Hong Kong Poly U MBA School on their CV, so that they also can find the future work which need the international backgrounds. 2.2 Experienced mid-career individuals More companies have been expanding inRead MoreShort Promotional Video For Marketing1654 Words   |  7 Pagesfilming/directing/acting. I wanted to learn more about how videos can be effective in marketing and how they can be filmed to communicate a message about a product, service, or company. This information could be beneficial to not only me, but also to other filming enthusiast who may be interested in a challenge or people in the marketing industry who may be thinking about using the video medium to promote something. I faced many challenges in my process of researching about using film for marketing and

Progressive Taxation Free Essays

string(54) " Under a flat tax taxpayers will handle a single tax\." Progressive taxation rates are unethical and need to be changed. The media likes to say the rich need to pay their fair share and I will show that if everyone paid the same percentage of their income without all the loopholes the current tax system has the government would be better off. This is an ethical issue that needs to be addressed by our current and future leaders to help eliminate the extraordinary amount of debt our country currently has to reimburse. We will write a custom essay sample on Progressive Taxation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Utilitarianism is that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness [1]. It also involves the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it. This would lead the current system of progressive taxation since those involved in creating the current tax system believe it is fair to all involved. The poor would see the rich pay a higher percentage of their income to fund the government and the items that they provide. Unfortunately this country has been using this type of taxation and now it has a tremendous debt to repay. So our current taxation system must not be working if we are not taking in the amount needed to pay our yearly government expenses. Relativism is the belief that everyone has their own version of the solution to the problem. It is also a concept that states points have no truth or validity, but only a subjective value [2]. The discussion of progressive taxation is not one that many people want to change. Everyone that thinks a fair taxation of a flat percentage is afraid it will not promote happiness among those that would have an increase in taxes. This theory would allow us to give the chance to try a flat tax to see if indeed it would increase the income this country generates along with removing tax loop holes allowing some people to avoid paying what they should. My view is more of the relativism type of view. I believe that for our country to avoid a horrible financial crisis we must try to generate more income and everyone must pay their fair share which would be of an equal percentage of their income. Progression has been  in use somewhere in the world for thousands of years. It is safe to say the debate on its merits goes back at least that far. At the present most nations employ some form of progressive taxation. The first time there was a federal income tax it was imposed in 1861 as a means of financing the Civil War. The tax rates were decreased after the war and the income tax was allowed to expire in 1872. The concept of an income tax was controversial so when a new income tax was levied in 1894 it was challenged in the courts. In 1895 it was found to be unconstitutional. It was not until 1913, with the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, that the first constitutionally sanctioned income tax was enacted. The first income tax was a progressive tax [3]. Today, we Americans are paying the highest taxes in our nation’s history. The current tax system is complex and includes several inequities. It penalizes those who are married by making them pay higher taxes than single individuals. Many Americans face a death tax that will claim a large portion of their estate after they die. We need to get rid of our confusing, unfair tax code and replace it with a simple flat tax with one rate with no deductions or special interest loopholes [4]. The overly complicated tax code creates an unnecessary burden on all Americans, with an annual compliance cost estimated to be $365 billion. The extensive nine million plus word document is complex and unfair. It inhibits saving, investment, and creating jobs along with imposing a heavy burden on American families. At the same time, the tax code reduces economic growth. The code is so complex with all of the deductions, credits, and other preferences added to the tax code by the special interest lobbyists. It is because of these loopholes, taxpayers with similar incomes can end up paying different amounts in taxes. This uneven treatment of taxpayers is fundamentally unethical and is not part of the American value of equality under the law. The tax code should be replaced with a new code that is simple to understand, has low rates, that is flat and fair. The new flat tax as outlined in Heritage’s ‘Saving the American Dream’ plan, would replace the current tax system with a simple tax system that would allow America to achieve its full economic potential [5]. It has to be honest in order to help promote economic growth. It will do this while removing disparities in the tax code at the same time. The existing tax system is wrong, especially in its complication and its decrease of our economic audacity. The tax system is complex and it is forced upon all taxpayers. The low income must journey thru the extremely hard to understand Earned Income Credit. Those who can save some money must overcome the loss of confidence and go through the hassle of trying to understand the tax rates and manage the different forms of saving. Businesses investing in new equipment must pay extra to get equity capital and must then overcome the tax hurdles added on their vested interests. This results in a deranged tax system which results in a much smaller economy. The need for tax reform is clear. The tax reform proposals such as the traditional flat tax would only solve part of the problem by regenerating or changing the federal individual and corporate income taxes. A new flat tax would replace income taxes, as well as the death tax, payroll taxes and all tariffs not set aside for a trust fund. Under a flat tax taxpayers will handle a single tax. You read "Progressive Taxation" in category "Essay examples" The design of a flat tax is because of the need for a more rational tax system. Unavoidable high tax rates combined with unethical rules have altered the economic decisions of businesses and families. This leaves the economy in a complete weaker position by these perversions. We need a stronger economy and that is the goal of a flat tax. It would obtain this goal by achieving an economically neutral tax base and by lowering the tax rates. The amount of taxation and the degree of redistribution are questions that will need to be answered and be separate from the primary question of taxation. Simulations have suggested a flat tax would meet this test of generating enough revenue and would leave the allotment of the federal tax load fundamentally unchanged. A better economy would create more jobs, increased wages and greater economic safeness. The economy has enjoyed economic growth in recent decades along with too many recessions and high unemployment. While this has been happening China and India are regularly gaining strength, and America must act to match their rise. Tax reform would be a good place to start in gaining and advance America’s economic strength for the years ahead. The federal tax code is very complicated and hard for most to understand. Thanks to personal computers and tax software it has created an issue with policymakers in Washington to create tax complexities that tax professionals can have issues understanding. There are too many credits, exemptions and deductions and many of them are subject to special rules and only are allowed at certain amounts of income. With all of this complexity individual taxpayers suffer minor compared to the outrageous rules and exceptions businesses suffer thru. As bad as the complexity is the drain on the economic system by our federal tax system is worse. High tax rates have discouraged all levels of productive activity. Our corporate income tax rate is almost the highest in the industrialized world and higher than the average of our international competitors. The economy is further decreased y the existents system’s impulse to overtax saving which means people are discouraged from saving enough for their retirement and for the large investments. This steers consumers toward debt and everyone towards an abbreviated economic security. These reactions will lead to a depressed level of national savings which will lower investment opportunities. The federal tax system should not be this hard to understand and damaging to the U. S. economy. It is this way because for many decades Congresses have twisted the system often creating two new issues while trying to solve one issue. The income tax has turned to be a bad decision from its outset. After many Congresses it continues to get worse without any exceptions. A stronger economy would be a vital role in advancing the federal finances. This would create better levels of tax revenue and create less spending needs for the unemployed. A strong economy offers increased wages and increased job opportunities to the citizens of our tax base. This would create less poverty and with less poverty comes fewer demands for welfare. A flat tax would be a complete reform of the entire federal tax system as with most previous tax reform proposals. The flat tax can be started as a single tax plan or as part of a more complete rewriting of our government’s federal fiscal policy. A flat tax would offer astounding understanding for individuals and businesses. It would create much greater clarity so that we taxpayers would be more convinced the taxes that are paid are in close to the amount of their neighbors. It will also allow taxpayers to be more informed about the costs of running our government. The flat tax will free the potential for the American economy to grow without being burdened by high tax rates. American taxpayers spend an average of 26. 5 hours processing and preparing their tax returns [6]. However companies and wealthy people hire teams of professionals to play the system. How is that fair? A flat tax treats everybody the same. You don’t have to worry about missing deductions that the other guy is taking. Other countries in the world have adopted the flat tax, even former Communist countries. Why can’t the United States? Those other countries have understood that a flat tax reduces the incentive to play the system. Because of its simplicity and low tax rate, a flat tax encourages people to stop cheating and honestly report their income. They can be assured that both the rich and the poor are paying the same rates and taking the same deductions. We save time and money and make our country more competitive in the world. A flat tax would replace our existing tax system with a very simple single rate system that would only tax individual’s incomes only once, offers businesses with an economical investment-friendly tax, and replace all federal income taxes along with payroll taxes. This will prove that progressive taxation rates need to be eliminated to allow for a fair and balanced tax rate that all Americans can feel is fair. We do not need to be overtaxed, but equally taxed. We need to save our country from bankruptcy and save it so our children’s children will have a place to call home. We need to keep America the greatest country in the world without having the future generations force to pay even higher taxes because our government officials can’t stop spending the money they do not have to spend. 1 – www. utilitarianism. com – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato. stanford. edu 3 – Hoover Institution, Stanford University, www. hoover. org/publications/policy-review/article/72291 4 – Freedom Works, www. freedomworks. org/issues/flat-tax 5 – The Heritage Foundation, www. heritage. org/research/factsheets/2012/01/the-new-flat-tax-encourages-growth-and-job-creation 6 – David Keating, A Taxing Tren d: The Rise in Complexity, Forms, and Paperwork Burdens (National Taxpayers Union, April 18, 2011), 13. Available at: http://www. ntu. org/news-and-issues/taxes/tax-reform/ntupp130. html (April 20, 2012) How to cite Progressive Taxation, Essay examples

Speaking with Names Summary free essay sample

Speaking with Names In the beginning of this article, the first point that is mostly stressed is ethnographers. He tries to emphasize that theyre study points should be more than Just a language. He believes that In order to understand theyre custom and traditions they need to take Into consideration the land In which they live In. Here are a couple examples of what he says about It. In other words. En must acknowledge that local understandings of external realities are fashioned from local cultural trials, and that, knowing little or nothing of the latter, ones ability to make appropriate sense of what is and what occurs in anothers environment is bound to be deficient. For better or worse, the ethnographers see, landscape and speech acts do not interpret their own significance Then he goes to explain that in contrast, Natives see the outside world and think that it is done in a very non-pleasurable way. We will write a custom essay sample on Speaking with Names Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So the same idea applies to them, because they dont live in that society they dont understand how their location and different situations affect other situations. They wouldnt be adapted, or at least not until they learned the proper way of doing things while being In a different environment. Example from the reading: Constructions of reality that reflect conceptions of reality, the meanings of landscape and acts of speech are personalized manifestations of a shared perspective on the human condition The natives interact with the landscape in three different ways. ) They observe the landscape 2) They may modify it or make changes to the landscape according to a use in which they want to exercise. 3. They will discuss about the landscape in social gatherings or such events In order for an ethnographer to grasps these concepts as a native he suggests to attend a native place names. He suggests that the giving of names Is associated with emotions, which can help better understand a culture. Speaking with Names: Lola Is a mother of eight children who tends for her children, collecting herbs, farming, and participating In ceremonial activities. She Is well known in the village and is seen to be a very intelligent woman. Then she begins to elk to other women about her sick brother. They tell of story of how he stepped on a snake skin and was warned to cleanse himself for something could happen to him but he refused to without any worry. Cubicle sees speaking as a way of illustrating. They feel that sometimes children or other people leave out ideas or pictures when they speak. Therefore they don not give accurate depictions. On the other hand Western Apache see speaking in different tones an expression of emotions.If you were to speak softly you are expressing kindness. Example from the reading: A person who speaks too much- someone who describes too busily, who supplies too on the right of hearers to build freely and creatively on the speakers own depictions In other words, persons who speak to much insult the imaginative capabilities of other people Then the story continues, in summary, Lola uses names to help her brother feel better. As a different story comes, it is about how a young individual was given advice from the elderly but decided not to take it. So it came to be that the person almost died.

The 6 Cases of Latin Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

The 6 Cases of Latin Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives There are six  cases of Latin nouns that are commonly used. Another two- locative and instrumental- are vestigial and are not often used.   Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles are declined in two numbers  (singular  and  plural) and in six principal cases. The Cases and Their Grammatical Position in Sentences Nominative (nominativus):  Subject of the sentence.Genitive (genitivus):  Generally translated by the English possessive, or by the objective with the preposition  of.Dative (dativus): Indirect object.  Usually translated by the objective with the preposition  to  or  for.Accusative (accusativus): Direct object of the verb and object with many prepositions.  Ablative (ablativus): Used to show means, manner, place, and other circumstances. Usually translated by the objective with the prepositions from,  by,  with,  in, at.Vocative (vocativus): Used for direct address. Vestigial Cases: Locative  (locativus):  Denotes the place where. This vestigial case is often left out of Latin noun  declensions. Traces of it appear in names of towns and a few other words: RÃ… mae (at Rome)  /  rÃ… «rÄ « (in the country). Still another vestigial  case, the instrumental, appears in a few adverbs.​ All the cases, except the nominative and vocative, are used as object cases; they are sometimes called oblique cases (cÄ sÃ… «s oblÄ «quÄ «). Five Declensions of Nouns and Their Endings Nouns are declined according to gender, number, and case (a declension is essentially a fixed pattern of endings). There are only  five  regular declensions of nouns in Latin; there is a sixth for some pronouns and adjectives that end in -ius in the genitive case form.  Each noun is declined according to number, gender, and case. This means that there are six sets of case endings for five declensions of nouns- one set for each declension. And students have to memorize them all. Below are brief descriptions of the five noun declensions, with links to the full declension for each, including the case endings for each declension. 1.  First declension nouns: End in -a in the nominative singular and are feminine. 2. Second declension nouns: Most are masculine and end in -us, -er or -ir.Some are neuter and end in -um. Esse: The all-important  irregular verb esse (to be) belongs to this group.  Words associated with it are in the  nominative  case. It does not take an object and should never be in the accusative case. The following is a sample paradigm* of the second declension masculine noun somnus, -i (to sleep). The case name is followed by the singular, then the plural. *Note that the term paradigm is frequently used in discussions of Latin grammar; a paradigm is an example of a conjugation  or  declension showing a word in all its inflectional forms. Nominative somnus somniGenitive somni somnorumDative somno somnisAccusative somnum somnosAblative somno somnisLocative somni somnisVocative somne somni 3.  Third declension nouns:  End in -is  in the genitive singular.  Thats how you identify them. 4.​ Fourth declension nouns: Ending  in  -us are masculine, apart from manus and domus, which are feminine. Fourth declension nouns ending  in -u are neuter. 5. Fifth declension nouns: End in -es and are feminine.The exception is  dies, which is usually masculine when singular and always masculine when plural.

Profile of Pierre de Coubertin, Modern Olympics Founder

Profile of Pierre de Coubertin, Modern Olympics Founder Pierre de Coubertin (January 1, 1863–September 2, 1937) was the founder of the modern Olympics. His campaign to promote athletic activities began as a lonely crusade, but it slowly gained support and he was able to organize the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896. He was a founding member of the International Olympic Committee  and served as its president from 1896 to 1925. Fast Facts: Pierre de Courbertin Known For: Founding of the modern Olympics in 1896Also Known As: Pierre de Frà ©dy, Baron de CoubertinBorn: January 1, 1863 in Paris, FranceParents: Baron Charles Louis de Frà ©dy, Baron de Coubertin and Marie–Marcelle Gigault de CrisenoyDied: September 2, 1937 in Geneva, SwitzerlandEducation: Externat de la rue de ViennePublished Works:  Olympism: Selected Writings, Università ©s Transatlantiques, Ode to Sport (a poem)Awards and Honors:  Gold medal for Literature, 1912 Olympics, nominated for Nobel Peace Prize, 1935Spouse: Marie RothanChildren: Jacques, Renà ©eNotable Quote: â€Å"When I restored the Olympiads, I did not look to what was nearby; I looked to the far-off future. I wanted to give the world, in an enduring way, an ancient institution whose guiding principle was becoming necessary for its health.† Early Life Born on January 1, 1863, in Paris, Pierre Fredy, Baron de  Coubertin was 8 years old when he witnessed the defeat of his homeland in the Franco-Prussian War. He came to believe that his nation’s lack of physical education for the masses contributed to the defeat at the hands of Prussians led by Otto von Bismarck. In his youth, Coubertin was also fond of reading British novels for boys that stressed the importance of physical strength. The idea formed in Coubertin’s mind early on that the French educational system was too intellectual. What was  desperately needed in France, Coubertin believed, was a strong component of physical education. Historical Context for His Lifework Athletics were becoming increasingly popular through the 1800s, after a long prior period when Coubertins society was essentially indifferent to sports- or even considered sports to be a frivolous diversion. Scientists in the 19th century began touting athletics as a way of improving health. Organized athletic endeavors, such as baseball leagues in the United States, were celebrated. In France, the upper classes indulged in sports, and young Pierre de Coubertin participated in rowing, boxing, ​and fencing. Coubertin became fixated on physical education in the 1880s as he became convinced that athletic prowess could save his nation from military humiliation. Travels and Study of Athletics In the 1880s and early 1890s, Coubertin made several trips to America and a dozen trips to England to study the administration of athletics. The French government was impressed with his work and commissioned him to hold athletic congresses, which featured events such as horseback riding, fencing, and track and field. A small item in the New York Times in December 1889 mentioned Coubertin visiting the campus of Yale University: His object in coming to this country is to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the management of athletics at American colleges and thereby to devise some means of interesting the students at the French University in athletics. The Founder of the Modern Olympics The ambitious plans of Coubertin to revitalize the educational system of France never really materialized, but his travels began to inspire him with a far more ambitious plan. He began thinking about having countries compete in athletic events based on the Olympic festivals of ancient Greece. In 1892, at a jubilee of the French Union of Athletic Sports Societies, Coubertin introduced the idea of a modern Olympics. His idea was fairly vague, and it seems that even Coubertin himself did not have a clear idea of the form such games would take. Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting that brought together 79 delegates from 12 countries to discuss how to revive the Olympic Games. The meeting established the first International Olympic Committee. The committee decided on the basic framework of having the Games every four years, with the first one to take place in Greece. The First Modern Olympics The decision to hold the first modern Olympics in Athens, at the site of the ancient Games, was symbolic. It also proved to be  problematic, as Greece was embroiled in political turmoil. However, Coubertin visited Greece and became convinced the Greek people would be happy to host the Games. Funds were raised to mount the Games, and the first modern Olympics began in Athens on April 5, 1896. The festival continued for 10 days and included events such as foot races, lawn tennis, swimming, diving, fencing, bicycle races, rowing, and a yacht race. A dispatch in The New York Times on April 16, 1896, described the closing ceremonies the previous day under the headline, Americans Won Most Crowns. The King [of Greece] handed to each winner of a first prize a wreath fashioned of wild olive plucked from the trees at Olympia, and laurel wreaths were given to the winners of second prizes. All of the prize winners then received diplomas and medals... .[T]he total number of athletes who received crowns was forty-four, of whom eleven were Americans, ten Greeks, seven Germans, five French, three English, two Hungarians, two Australians, two Austrians, one Dane and one Swiss. Subsequent Games held in Paris and St. Louis were overshadowed by Worlds Fairs, but the Stockholm Games in 1912 returned to the ideals expressed by Coubertin. Death During World War I, Coubertins family suffered hardships and fled to Switzerland. He was involved in organizing the 1924 Olympics  but retired after that. The final years of his life were greatly troubled, and he faced severe financial hardships. He died in Geneva on September 2, 1937. Legacy Baron de Coubertin gained recognition for his work promoting the Olympics. In 1910, former President Theodore Roosevelt, visiting France after a safari in Africa, made a point of visiting Coubertin, whom he admired for his love of athletics. His influence on the institution he founded endures. The idea of the Olympics as an event filled not merely with athletics but great pageantry came from Pierre de Coubertin. So while the Games are, of course, held on a scale far more grand than anything he could have imagined, the opening ceremonies, parades, and fireworks are very much ​a  part of his legacy. Finally, it was also Coubertin who originated the idea that while the Olympics can instill national pride, the cooperation of the worlds nations may promote peace and prevent conflict. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Americans Won Most Crowns: Olympian Games Closed with the Distribution of Wreaths and Medals.† New York Times, 16 April 1896, p. 1. archive.nytimes.com.de Coubertin, Pierre, and Norbert Mà ¼ller. Olympism: Selected Writings. Comità © International Olympique, 2000.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In this brief treatise, the history and evolution of CSR will be described and followed by a discussion on the concept and drivers of CSR. Focus is put on the role of CSR in the financial crisis, the implications of CSR for both business and communities, and the prospects of CSR for the future. History and Evolution of CSR While the concept of business corporations possessing some type of social accountability or obligation may have surfaced in the past, the serious study of corporate social responsibility as a facet of management commenced in the 1950s and was called by a host of other names (see Table 1). In 1953, Bowen posed the following question: ‘To what extent do the interests of business in the long run with the interests of society?’ (Bowen 1953, p. 5) The corporate responsibility core concept emerged as an economic concern. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of US Steel, articulated two principles supportive of CSR: (1) the ‘charity principle’ requiring individuals who have more to assist those who have less; and (2) the ‘stewardship principle’ stating that the rich and wealthy hold their wealth ‘in trust’ for the rest of society; while they hold it, they are required to multiply the wealth through making sound and prudent investments (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Carnegie’s position was termed ‘richesse oblige’ by Windsor (2001), which is a parody of ‘noblesse oblige’. On the other side of the debate is the argument of Milton Friedman that corporations should pursue their economic self-interest and that CSR activities amount to a moral wrong against the shareholders. Activities directed at the social welfare should be properly left to the government (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Friedman’s position resounded among many businesspeople and practitioners, understandably more than academicians, and the concept of wealth creation as the priority (some say only) goal for business constituted a recurring theme of many policy makers. At one point the argument entered the realm of academic discussion, and the debate eventually led to the conciliation of the two sides: ‘wealth creation is the best path to social welfare improvement’ (Windsor 2001, p. 226). This approach has been accepted by most businesspeople and managers because it resolves the duality imposed by Bowen’s premise that separates wealth and social responsibility. What it does not resolve is the direction management should take if a decision should be required between what may emerge to be irreconcilable alternatives (i.e. in favour of wealth creation or in favour of social responsibility). Currently, the main promoter of the ideas and principles of corporate social responsibility is the United Nations (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 115). Through the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the UN sought to advance global standards for business firms, particularly the large multinational corporations, to abide by in order to preserve and protect human rights that these businesses may be violating in the interest of earning a profit. Table 1: The genesis of the concept of corporate social responsibility (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 116) Concept of CSR CSR is a ‘concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis’

Evaluate WHS management systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluate WHS management systems - Assignment Example That means that employees should be safe from accident and injury. A Work Health and Safety Management System addresses work health and safety within an organization and manage its implementation. Australia as other countries measures its performance of health and safety using compensation claims and developing its health and safety strategy. However, much of legitimate claims are never made because employees do not know about their rights or whether their injury and illness are work-related, besides, workers are afraid to make a claim at all. In such a case, health and safety performance data enables organizations and the entire countries to track dangerous influence of certain occupations and industries on health and safety of their people and make improvement if needed. There is evidence that speaks on the effectiveness of Workplace Health and Safety Management Systems to be dependent upon the level of their implementation, where a more integrated approach is aimed to make the regulation and local co-operation work more efficient for improvement of work environment (Bohle & Quinlan, 2000). In this case, the success of a WHS management system requires high commitment from all levels and functions within a certain organization. Thus, Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No. 10 (2015) provides a balanced and nationally constant framework that secures health and safety of employees and their working places. Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (2015) gives practical guidance about the requirements of the Workplace Health and Safety. Besides, Safe Work Australia agency was also created to coordinate and develop national policy and strategies to provide safer work conditions (Archer, Borthwick, Travers and Ruschena, 2014). Australian Hardware organization, committed to the quality provision of hardware, homewares, garden and building supplies across Australia is among the

bloodmac Importance of Blood in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbet

Importance of Blood in Macbeth  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth, the symbol of blood is an important device.   The fundamental physical notion of blood is a stark sign of illness or mishap that all humans must share.   Within Macbeth the imagery of blood is used over and over again and it is developed by Shakespeare until it becomes not only a dominating theme but wholly integrated within the plot.    Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honored soldier, but as the play progresses acknowledged and trusted by his king, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed, and ends up killing Duncan who put so much trust in him. This is ironic because the previous Thane of Cawdor was executed for treason, which is the first thought that comes into his mind when he is appointed Thane. He knows that the King's trust was misplaced; the fact that he murdered his king plays upon his conscience and shows his guilt in different forms. The situation worsens for him after he murders Banquo, who was one of his most loyal and trusted friends.    A similar idea can also be applied to lady Macbeth, as her character changes dramatically throughout the course of the play. Hers and Macbeth's roles can be seen to swap in a way. When the idea of killing Duncan comes into the minds of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is uncertain, he seems withdrawn about the whole idea. Lady Macbeth comes across as evil and bloodthirsty, for it is she who ensures that the murder takes place. Towards the end of the play though, although both characters show the immense guilt of what they have done... ... treachery, to guilt then returns to honor once again.   This movement in symbolism is maneuvered by the villain whose actions that allow the change.   The reformation to honor is sanction after the villain is killed.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes, Slaves of Passion. Gloucester: Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1973.  Ã‚   Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott, Mark W. (Editor).   Shakespeare for Students.   Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992   

Infectious Diseases: HIV /AIDS

According to UNAIDS. com â€Å"new HIV infections were reduced by 21% since 1997, and deaths from AIDS-related illnesses decreased by 21% since 2005†(â€Å"Unaids. org†, n. d. ). AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) was first discovered in the early 1980s. It was first found only among homosexual men and drug users that shared needles. AIDS is an immune deficiency disease that is caused by a virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). It is transmitted through contaminated body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk ( ). The virus attacks the CD4 T lymphocytes killing them and while continuing to spread and kill others. This process cripples the immune system making the body susceptible to infections and illnesses that a healthy immune system would be able to control. With a weakened immune system, the body is left open to infections. Since the body’s reactions to an infection results in inflammation, HIV/AIDS patients usually experience chronic inflammation that usually occurs in the lymph nodes and stomach. Patients that receive Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) are able to receive some relief from inflammation but are not able to eliminate inflammation completely (â€Å"Thebodypro. com†, 2010). When HIV/AIDS was first discovered in the early 1980s there was no treatment and no cure. Someone that was diagnosed as HIV positive knew that when AIDS set in they were facing a painful death. As research has progressed through the year’s treatments have been recognized that help to slow down the reproduction of the virus. According to â€Å"Epigee. org† these are known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. AZT (Azidothymidine), ddC (zalcitabine), ddl (dideoxyinosine), d4T (stavudine), and Abacavir, are just a few nucleoside RT inhibitors used to treat HIV. Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors such as Delavridine (Rescriptor, Nevirapine (Viramune), and Efravirenz (Sutiva), are also medications used to slow down the virus. Protease inhibitors are used to interrupt the reproduction of the virus in the later stages. This group of medications includes Ritonavir (Norvir), Saquinivir (Invirase), and Amprenivir (Agenerase) (2012). The fourth and final group of medications currently only has one drug approved for proof. This drug is known as Fuzeon and is a fusion inhibitor that stops the virus from entering the CD4 cells. This action keeps the virus from combining with the cell membranes, but should be used with another form of treatment (2012). Currently there is no cure available to HIV/AIDS patients. The spread of HIV/AIDS has decreased drastically since the beginning. For the first 15-20 years it was considered an epidemic. By educating people about how the virus is contracted the number of people diagnosed has been on a rapid decline since the early 2000s. The number of AIDS related deaths has also rapidly declined in this time. In this authors opinion the best way to control the spread of this deadly virus is through continuing education of how the disease is spread. Safe sex is a must. People that are promiscuous are at a higher risk of becoming victims of HIV. State Health Departments throughout the U. S. offer educating pamphlets, and in some instances classes that help to educate people on how to avoid contracting and spreading HIV. Abstinence is the only thing that offers 100% protection from sexually transmitted HIV. Monogamy is the second best way to avoid the spread of HIV. If you have never been infected with HIV and remain faithful to one partner, and your partner has never been infected and remains faithful, there is no chance that you will contract the virus through sexual intercourse. If you are sexually active with more than one partner, protected sex is the best way to improve your chances of remaining HIV negative. Condoms, though not 100% sure, are the best way to protect someone from being infected with the virus through sexual intercourse. Traditional condoms are used on the penis and protect the participants from contaminated fluids. A new type of condom is currently on the market that is inserted directly into the vagina or rectum. Spermicidal contraceptives protect against pregnancy but not HIV (â€Å"Aids. org†, 2012). Intravenous drug users are also at risk of being infected with HIV. Of course the obvious way to keep from being infected is not to use self administered, illegal, intravenous drugs. Making sure that clean hypodermic needles are used and not shared among other users is imperative for those than continue to use self administered, illegal, intravenous drugs. If only one hypodermic needle is available and you must share this needle with others, using bleach and water to clean both the needle and the syringe is the best way to guard against becoming infected with HIV/AIDS (â€Å"Aids. org†, 2012).

Study On The Life Cycle Of A Business Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5181 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? No idea can be made into a reality without cash or capital or funds. Fund management is one of the most important aspects involved in running any kind of empire. It is important for an entrepreneur to choose the right way to fund their business; they must carefully weigh their options and use the most optimum solution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Life Cycle Of A Business Finance Essay" essay for you Create order As the company grows and they get a good reputation the options available open up and making it even more crucial for the company to adopt the best mix. Lets try to understand the different phases of the business and the difference in the capital requirements. LIFE CYCLE OF A BUSINESS There are four phases that any business, industry or product has to pass. There is no exception and the four phases are as follows These four phases remain the same as we move across various industries as well as businesses. The only thing that changes is the duration of each phase and the scale. The embryonic stage being the first stage is where everything starts from. It is a critical stage where evolve a business idea into something more and help the business succeed. The market has to be attractive where the product or service is to be launched. It is not possible to bring in a product into a market where it wouldnt be accepted. The product or service needs to be reasonably priced. It is impossible to find a market place where there is no competition unless one enjoys the first movers advantage; hence there should be a combat plan ready to tackle the competitors. The plan should be practical and such that it can be implemented. Every plan should be backed by the management. It is essential for the top management to support the plan and be able to implement it. Stages within the embryonic phase: https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/fd0n/30%20Sources%20%20Phases_files/image002.jpg While starting up many of the people underestimate the time taken they expect to things to happen soon. However in the study carried out by me. I approached around 120 ventures and found the average to be 8 years of time required for the business to generate positive cash flow and to start making profits. However, many of the people quote 6-14 years of time frame. Most of us would disagree to these statistics. The reason for the same would be that that the businesses which take a shorter time to establish are the ones which most spoken about and publicized. There is one more exception to this rule and this would be the ones who take a franchisee. This is so because the idea feasibility stages have already been done by the company who gives the franchisee. Thus the pioneering work is already complete and the path for the rest becomes easier. As the business moves from one phase to the other pha se, the risk comes down but it also increases the exit barriers for the business as does the cash requirement. But the credibility of the firm increases and thus the debt options becomes available for the firm. Initially it is difficult to raise money from the market as it doesnt have market credibility. There has to be a trade off between the perceived risk and the rewards that would be obtained. Thus it has been seen that the higher the risk with the project there are fewer sources of capital and thus the rate at which one borrows goes up significantly. But lower the risk there are more options and the return is also not high as the previous one. If we take the cash requirement; as stated earlier it increases as we move from one phase to the next phase. One of the thumb rules that is followed in the industry is that as the business moves from phase to the next phase the cash requirement goes up by a factor of 5 or 10. It has been noticed that the commercialization phase is t he most expensive of all. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY In order to find out the various options that are available to a firm to arrange for capital to meet their requirements various methods of analysis have been used by me. Apart from the sources of capital that are available, I have tried to find out how this varies for different stages of the life cycle. For the purpose of finding the sources at the embryonic stage, I have interviewed Mr. Tibrewal, Managing Director of Gangotri Textiles (based out of Coimbatore; a listed company) apart from reading various articles. The interview can be found in the next analysis. For the next stage which is the growth stage a case study analysis approach was used. Several reliable websites were looked up to aid in understanding of the case study. The case of Duncan Bannatyne was taken up by me for the same. In the mature stage where I have taken the instance of carrying out a joint venture, a similar approach as the previous o ne has been undertaken by me. I have analyses the case of a Sino joint venture of General Motors. This is aided by looking up for more details in articles and the websites. RESULTS After carrying out the research by taking up different instances, the following conclusions have been drawn upon by me. STARTING OUT Everyone dreams to make it big, there are millions of ideas out there and only few of them are able to live their dream. One of the biggest constraints that a person faces while starting his own business is capital. There are various options that are available for new entrepreneurs to raise capital for their business. Broadly speaking capital can be divided into two; one being equity and the other being debt. However there are available options which combine the two; one being convertible debenture. It is of common knowledge that the perceived risk is related to the returns that are required. This return follows the same way as the risk of the project takes up the graph. For a company which is in its infant stage, the debt issues will be similar to the equity; the reason cited for this is that the security for a return on the investment isnt better. https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/fd0n/30%20Sources%20%20Phases_files/image005.png RAISING FINANCES THROUGH EQUITY Unless one invests in their own project no one else would invest. Thus the first source of fund would be the entrepreneur himself. People from the market who are strangers would get more confidence if they see that the entrepreneur isnt alone and is backed by his family and friends. Thus the primary source is family and friends which is also one of the cheapest sources available. There are two clear advantages in this source. Market players gain confidence and look at the project with a more open mind This source is very cheap The foremost option that is available to such companies is venture capital funds. This is a perfect option for new companies as they do not possess the ability to raise money from the markets or secure loans from the bank. Statistics show that venture capitalists invest in one of four hundred opportunities available to them. Innovative technologies are their favourites. Venture capitalist offer funds in 6 stages: Seed money is the amount required to show whether the idea would work or not. The requirement at this level is not much. Start up, as the name suggests is the stage where they are in the developing stage, the product is being developed. Further in the first round of investment it provides funds for the purpose of meeting basic requirements such as manufacturing expenses. The second round is the stage where the company is growing but is not yet making profits. The company often decides to diversify its operations and this is done in the third round. Finally to make the company accessible by the public the fourth round also known as bridge financing is undertaken. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Venture_Capital_Fund_Diagram.png/500px-Venture_Capital_Fund_Diagram.png The above is a diagrammatic representation of the structure of a venture capital firm. An angel can be described in three words, they are benevolent celestial being. The next source of capital comes from these angels. Con fused These are the private investors who evaluate the project and see that there is scope in it. Many a times these investors are familiar with the market and have a lot of influence; this aids the new entrepreneur. This is because these angels can not only be a source of capital but also a source of knowledge and influence. They are the ones who fund the business in the starting as they realise that the returns from the business could be good. The next question that comes to our mind is that how do we find these angels? Where can we obtain information about them? These angels can easily be found and some of the ways are listed below: erstwhile entrepreneurs CPAs Attorneys Websites such as the Go Big Network Angel associations The next source would be those of the corporate investors. These are the ones who existed even before the venture capitalists. These people invest either within their own company or outside the company. Mostly, the areas that they invested i n where the ones that complemented their own business, this can be do develop a new product or invest in a new technology. For new entrepreneurs it can be advantageous if they cooperate with the market leaders. Whenever there is a new technology that is being persuaded the market leaders would rather buy it than invest in it. However such a kind of cooperation comes with its downside. It is possible that the market leader might take the entrepreneur for a ride. RAISING FINANCES THROUGH DEBT Finance mix always consists of equity and debt. The proportion of the two varies according to the industry that the business firm would operate in besides many other factors. When it comes to debt it can either be for a short while called as short term debt or for a longer duration called as long term debt. The entrepreneur gets the right to utilise the money the way he/she wants to but only for the period of time that is specified in the agreement in return of paying certain interest amount at regular intervals of time. There is an agreement that is drawn up and all the terms are agreed upon in that. There are two types of loans that can be undertaken: Secured loans- there is a collateral which backs up the loan and that the payment will be paid Unsecured loan- there is no guarantee as such the only guarantee is the cash flow itself Taking the case of the unsecured loans, in this there is no guaranteeing hence the decision whether to give money or not is purely based o n the forecasted cash flow. To assist this decision the EBIT and the leverage ratios are seen. The secured loans are backed up by any asset which is marketable. It is tricky to finance the project only by debt when the business is only starting. This is because there is high risk involved in it and no market reputation the chances of not repayment are higher. But it is easier once the company enters the later stages of the life cycle. However there are various methods that are used to finance the project though debt when a company is starting out. Some of them are discussed below: One of the most well-liked options available is the mezzanine loan. The name originates from what it stands for: it is in between debt and equity. This method arises from the difficulty that people face securing loans from the bank. This is a perfect method to avoid dilution. These providers have a right which is higher than the shareholders. The sources of these mezzanine loans are from specializ ed entities, commercial banks and insurance companies. This is an unsecured loan and hence it is given to companies which have a relationship with customers already or have already started. They can also be given to those companies which are ready for sales. Since it is unsecured loans the procedure that has been adapted by these providers are akin to that by the venture capitalist to screen out the projects. The interest rate is decided based on two factors; one being the perceived risk and the other being the equity component. It is normally greater by 10% when compared with analogous loans. The range would be anywhere from 15% to 30%. In case the debenture has been issued and according to the forecast there is going to be negative cash flow during the earlier stages then there is a provision where the interest payment can be deferred and this interest would be accumulated later. In the scenario that the firm in unable to meet the payment date the terms on the loan can be chang ed. The changes that can be made are as follows: The next type of debt would be in the form of bridge loans. These are those funds that can be used to fund the day to day activities or the current activities. It is a kind of short term loan and is available for less than a year. Bridge loans are used as a general mechanism for support between financial rounds devoid of necessitating of set valuation. While we talk about a firm starting out, there are various stages in this initial stage itself. Depending on which stage the company is it can choose the debt instrument. One of the most common ways that has been found is leasing out the plant and machinery that would be required by the firm. Bank financing is another common source in which a line of credit is obtained from the bank. Finally the entrepreneur may obtain short term loans to finance the working capital requirements. GROWING PHASE This deals with the second phase when the business is growing. In this phase the company is trying to expand its operation as well as there is an opportunity for the company to grow. To explain the various sources of finance involved in this phase I have taken up the company of Duncan Bannatyne who is one of the wealthiest people in the United Kingdom. Let us first examine what business does he run and how he started out. After that I shall attempt to explain how he financed the growth of his company making him the richest man in the UK with his empire being valued at a little above  £310 million. This timeline shows where he invested to grow his empire and in which year. He started out by purchasing an ice cream van for  £450. This meagre start was turned into Duncans Super Ices. When we got into the 80s he realised that there was opportunity in the residential homes so he switched. He saw this when he came to know that the government was paying rent on behalf of those w ho couldnt. He sold his ice cream business also later to finance his other ventures. Aiding growth In order for the business to flourish one has to identify the gap in the industry and fill that hole. This is not merely enough the entrepreneur also has to do his task better than the competitors. One always hears that it is important to have a business plan. But why is this business plan important Shows the start up cost Shows the running cost Resources required Estimated value of sales What will the return of investment be Knowing when and where the cash will come from Another thing that is essential is to be fearless of taking risks. Duncan was willing to take risks. When he was still in the ice cream business; in order to increase his sales he paid  £2,000 to get an exclusive place in a local park where he could attract maximum customers. This was the summer when he made a profit of  £18,000 which was a huge return on investment. Funding the growth While choosing the sources of fund there are two things that need to be analysed. One of the two being the need which is obvious and the other being the size of the investment Listing the internal sources of finance used by Duncan: Sole trader: this is the kind of investment in which there is only one person who is giving the cash and he will also be the sole receiver of the profits. This is usually used by people when they are starting their business. In this case we can see that when Duncan started off with the ice cream van he was the sole investor. Partnership: in this case the ownership doesnt lie with only one person. More than one people share the responsibility of operation and even the profits are shared by them. This was used by Duncan when he wanted to enter into the first care home. The reason why he decided to do this was because the investment was now bigger Limited company: this is when anyone can buy the shares of the ownership. This method was used by D uncan when he wanted to open more care houses and thus he went public. This table shows the start up costs of all the business started by Duncan. Listing the external sources of finance used by Duncan: Banks are one of the most common sources of fund. This is one source that can be used in all the phases especially to assist the growth of the firm. The duration of the loans can be of three kinds. That would be long term, short term and medium term. This is decided depending on the need Mortgages which are another kind of long term loans. This is used to buy fixed assets For the purpose of day to day operations there are overdrafts. These fall into the category of short term loan and hence are for a certain limited time only Like discussed earlier Duncan had invested his own personal fund of  £450 to start off his ice cream business. All the profits that he had earned in the ice cream van were reinvested in the bedsits business. When it came to the first nursing h ome he borrowed from the bank (loan) and re mortgaged his home. Moving to the nursing home business; In this 70% of the building costs were financed through mortgage. The problem that was faced in this was that the money would be obtained only after the house was fully built. This is how Duncan made it possible: Apart from the profits of the ice cream business, he sold all his possessions like car, TV and stereo Re mortgaged his home in Scarborough For the purpose of ongoing expenses he took out numerous credit cards This wasnt sufficient to fund the nursing home. Seeing that he had no other option he sold of his beloved super ice business for  £28,000 The total expense was  £360,000. On the completion of the project it was evaluated by the band and the amount that they arrived at was  £600,000. The mortgage being 70% would thus be  £420,000. This shows that he was able to recover all the cash spent as well as had equity to spend for his next venture. MATURE PHASE When a company enters the mature phase one of the strategies it adopts is a joint venture. While starting out in a foreign country one of the best methods would be through a joint venture. In countries like Russia and China it is the most lucrative approach. The reason behind this is that the risk involved in making direct investments as well as the time factor is too high. One of the primary requisites to carry out business here is the local know who; the reason would be the rapid change in the political as well as economic climate. Sino-foreign joint ventures have been attempted to be studied by me. The main area of research in this would be how the capital was arranged i.e. the sources of capital for such a venture. So what is a Sino-foreign joint ventureThis is a joint venture where there is at least one non Chinese firm and one Chinese firm involved. These joint ventures are operated as well as located in China itself. The case that I have selected is the Shanghai General M otors Corporation. Shanghai general motors corporation (SGMC) When this joint venture was conceded the long term objectives of both the firm were matching and prompted towards setting up a joint venture. It was also one of the grandest ventures in China then when it came to the scale. The parties that were involved were Shanghai Automotive Industrial Corporation(SAIC) General Motors(GM) In order to become the dominant player in the world it was important that General Motors would start their operations in China. SAIC was trying to serve the new customers in the market of Asia and China. However it lacked in manufacturing and design expertise. This is the reason why they agreed to enter into such a kind of an alliance. This company was founded to manufacture transmissions, engines and cars designed after buick sedans. All this was previously being manufactured in North America. After observing the rise in the Chinese economy this move was taken. The purchasing power of the Chinese would increase shooting up the demand for large sedans . Capital sources for SGMC The automobile manufacturing itself is a capital intensive industry. The set up costs including the machines, infrastructure as well as automation would require over $1 billion. All these facilities would be novel as well as complex. The cost of starting is extremely steep. As per the laws it isnt possible to buy land in China, thus what the company did was lease out land under the land use grant from the government for a period of fifty years. As far as the labour requirements were concerned they were initially satisfied by the local firm which was SAIC; later there was a fully fledged human resources team in place which would take care of this category and all of their requirements as well as the companys requirements. The prerequisites of this firm are shown graphically below: It was observed that there were two fundamental sources for capital inflow. They are: Banks Joint venture partners Registered capital is the amount of money in other words the capital tha t is invested by the chief stake holders in a Sino foreign joint venture. The initial ownership rights amongst the parties would be defined by this register capital. For all the operations involved in the joint venture there would be a requirement for the corroboration of the approval as well as the application of the same, this requirement is also due fully fulfilled by the register capital. When the register capital was calculated for SGMC it amounted to $700 million. The primary stakeholders for the same were identified as SAIC as well as GM. Now the following tables will recapitulate the sources of funds. Amount Company $350 million General Motors-China, Inc. corporation $217 million Shanghai Automotive Industrial Corporation $133 million Shanghai Automotive Joint Stock Company When GM-China has mentioned it refers to the subsidiary of GM. It is a registered corporation in Delaware. This was established to serve as a link between the Shanghai genera l motors corporation and the General Motors. Clearly here the General Motors is the parent company. The remaining $350 million comes from Shanghai Automotive Industrial Corporation. But as seen in the table it has been split into two: one being the SAIC itself and the other being SAJSC. The former contributes 62% and the latter 38%. The Shanghai Automotive Joint Stock Company is a listed company. This company is listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. When one enters the stock market we can see that this companys shares are traded. This is a subsidiary company with SAIC being the parent company. However it is also true that it is partly owned by the public. This is possible by the stock sales. This part as a source of capital isnt available at the present. It is mandatory for every JV to be authorised for operation by the central government. The process of acquiring this authorisation for operation is called as registration. This along with the initial capital would be the fore most steps taken towards the operation. Now pertaining to this case, the capital raised wouldnt be sufficient. Hence, $821 million is taken as a loan from banks to launch the project. The previous capital would be utilised for plant and machinery. In order to obtain such a high loan it was essential to pull a few strings. The people who were involved are as follows: Chinese banking officials Prominent General Motors global financial partners Shanghai general motors corporation in combination with GM( the head quarters for the same would be in the States) The banks that were involved were both Chinese and foreign. The total number of banks involved was 39. The break up was as follows: 56% of this which amounts to $460 million came from the Chinese banks. The currencies involved were renimbi and dollars. The rest came from the foreign banks. This was the remaining 44% totalling to $361 million. These banks were found to be functional in many countries like Hong Ko ng. There are three reasons for the reason why this Sino joint venture differed in the capital obtainment process from the other joint ventures. The reasons are the visibility, scale and the scope of this project. Deutsche Bank, Chase, Citicorp, BankAmerica were some of the banks that were involved in the 39 bank consortium. The only reason why a venture of this scale was able to raise a loan was the tall reputation of general motors including the size and not to forget the leverage applied to all the banks mentioned previously which happen to be their banking partners. The treasury officers were responsible for the same. Thus summarising the sources of capital: Amount Company $350 million General Motors-China, Inc. corporation $217 million Shanghai Automotive Industrial Corporation $133 million Shanghai Automotive Joint Stock Company $460 million Chinese banks $361 million Foreign banks One of the most obvious ways of raising funds is through non bank capital. When one analyses this particular venture one realises that this method was not an option for them. There were several reasons for the same but the foremost reason being that these opportunities were then limited. The option of bonds were ruled out for two reasons; the first one being that it is somehow restricted to state owned enterprises and the second reason being that the approval requirements of the government are so complex. Equity capital instruments were also not a viable option including stocks. The reasoning for this is also no different. Moving onto the long term loans; it was encouraged by the government that these loans come from international banks. When we speak about the working capital loan it would constitute a mixture of domestic as well as international banks. This has been cleverly designed so as to increment the inflow of foreign capital to aid the economy of china. This also ensures that there is enough capital for the firms of t heir origin. One of the most extraordinary endeavours was the way in which this venture broke the bureaucratic obstacles because of which they were able to obtain this nice mix of foreign as well domestic aid. My outlook After studying the market the most prominent thing is its uncertainty. In such an unstable market the company has a humungous undertaking. One out of the many things that this project stands for is the fact that the project has been fully financed. This shows the hard work that has been put in by the people to make it a reality. It also stands for the dire need of reforms when it comes to market in China. This success has set into motion changes within the government and also will have a bearing in the government rule making aiding the new businesses. It would be a guiding light as china made a transition from state planned economy to a socialistic one. Whenever a venture is embarked upon there are risks always attached to it. In this case the biggest risk came from the Chinese government, they were unpredictable. It is pretty obvious how the behaviour of the government can affect the company as it is up to them to promote or discourage the purchase of the products manufactur ed by this wonderful Sino foreign joint venture. In order to ensure the smooth working of the firm it has to be ensured that all the expectations of the government are due fully fulfilled as well as satisfied. What was earlier thought of being the only aspect of doing business is doesnt hold true anymore. It is important to move away from market. CONCLUSION Perhaps the most important as well as the obvious conclusion that one arrives at is that there is no single best way to fund the business. No combination works wonders for all. Not only does the sources of capital vary with the phase with which the company is in but also depends on the industry they are in, the objectives, the market reputation, the organizational believes amongst others. It is important to understand that every business is different from the other. Thus what worked for company A will not work for company B and so on. This might be applicable to companies in the same industry also. Based on three fact ors which are: Size of the business Need of the business Return on investment The appropriate financial mix is to be arrived at. One has to also carefully weigh the positive as well as negatives of every method. The above table gives the advantages and disadvantages of various kinds of external sources of finance. This table gives the various kinds pros and cons for internal sources of fund. While taking into consideration all these factors there is one more very big factor that the company must consider and that is the risk they are willing to take. Not only the risk but also the ratings the company has attained. Mixing the two many options might close down or open up as per the case may be. It is thus important to carefully evaluate all your options before arriving at the final decision. Cash flow is perhaps the most important part to sustain as well as start a business. This makes project financing all the more important. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS One of the obstacle in this was the case studies analysed by me in the two different phases of the business did not belong to the same industry. This imposes a constraint in comparing the two. However this analysis contains only one company there is a scope of expanding the research for more than one company. Another improvement could be in the method of research by adding interviews or industrial advice for every stage.